Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-5 (section)

== 5.6.2 Integration of Institutions ==

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Multilevel governance in climate change has emerged as a key enabler for systemic transformation and effective governance (see Chapter 4, Section 4.4.1). On the one hand, low-carbon and climate-resilient development actions are often well aligned at the lowest scale possible (Suckall et al., 2015; Sánchez and Izzo, 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r455|455]]</sup> , and informal, local institutions are critical in enhancing the adaptive capacity of countries and marginalized communities (Yaro et al., 2015) <sup>[[#fn:r456|456]]</sup> . On the other hand, international and national institutions can provide incentives for projects to harness synergies and avoid trade-offs (Kongsager et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r457|457]]</sup> .

Governance approaches that coordinate and monitor multiscale policy actions and trade-offs across sectoral, local, national, regional and international levels are therefore best suited to implement goals towards 1.5°C warmer conditions and sustainable development (Ayers et al., 2014; Stringer et al., 2014; von Stechow et al., 2016; Gwimbi, 2017; Hayward, 2017; Maor et al., 2017; Roger et al., 2017; Michaelowa et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r458|458]]</sup> ''.'' Vertical and horizontal policy integration and coordination is essential to take into account the interplay and trade-offs between sectors and spatial scales (Duguma et al., 2014; Naess et al., 2015; von Stechow et al., 2015; Antwi-Agyei et al., 2017a; Di Gregorio et al., 2017; Runhaar et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r459|459]]</sup> , enable the dialogue between local communities and institutional bodies (Colenbrander et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r460|460]]</sup> , and involve non-state actors such as business, local governments and civil society operating across different scales ( ''robust evidence, high agreement'' ) (Hajer et al., 2015; Labriet et al., 2015; Hale, 2016; Pelling et al., 2016; Kalafatis, 2017; Lyon, 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r461|461]]</sup> ''.''

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