Editing Test:SRCCL/Chapter-1 (section)

== 1.4 Enabling the response ==

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Climate change and sustainable development are challenges to society that require action at local, national, transboundary and global scales. Different time-perspectives are also important in decision-making, ranging from immediate actions to long-term planning and investment. Acknowledging the systemic link between food production and consumption, and land-resources more broadly is expected to enhance the success of actions (Bazilian et al. 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r845|845]]</sup> ; Hussey and Pittock 2012 <sup>[[#fn:r846|846]]</sup> ). Because of the complexity of challenges and the diversity of actors involved in addressing these challenges, decision-making would benefit from a portfolio of policy instruments. Decision-making would also be facilitated by overcoming barriers such as inadequate education and funding mechanisms, as well as integrating international decisions into all relevant (sub)national sectoral policies (Section 7.4).

‘Nexus thinking’ emerged as an alternative to the sector-specific governance of natural resource use to achieve global securities of water (D’Odorico et al. 2018 <sup>[[#fn:r847|847]]</sup> ), food and energy (Hoff 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r848|848]]</sup> ; Allan et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r849|849]]</sup> ), and also to address biodiversity concerns (Fischer et al. 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r850|850]]</sup> ). Yet, there is no agreed definition of “nexus” nor a uniform framework to approach the concept, which may be land-focused (Howells et al. 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r851|851]]</sup> ), water-focused (Hoff 2011 <sup>[[#fn:r852|852]]</sup> ) or food-centred (Ringler and Lawford 2013 <sup>[[#fn:r853|853]]</sup> ; Biggs et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r854|854]]</sup> ). Significant barriers remain to establish nexus approaches as part of a wider repertoire of responses to global environmental change, including challenges to cross-disciplinary collaboration, complexity, political economy and the incompatibility of current institutional structures (Hayley et al. 2015 <sup>[[#fn:r855|855]]</sup> ; Wichelns 2017 <sup>[[#fn:r856|856]]</sup> ) (Sections 7.5.6 and 7.6.2).

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