Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

== 4.3.3.1 Urban energy systems ==

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Urban economies tend to be more energy intensive than national economies due to higher levels of per capita income, mobility and consumption (Kennedy et al., 2015; Broto, 2017; Gota et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r298|298]]</sup> . However, some urban systems have begun decoupling development from the consumption of fossil fuel-powered energy through energy efficiency, renewable energy and locally managed smart grids (Dodman, 2009; Freire et al., 2014; Eyre et al., 2018; Glazebrook and Newman, 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r299|299]]</sup> .

The rapidly expanding cities of Africa and Asia, where energy poverty currently undermines adaptive capacity (Westphal et al., 2017; Satterthwaite et al., 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r300|300]]</sup> , have the opportunity to benefit from recent price changes in renewable energy technologies to enable clean energy access to citizens (SDG 7) (Cartwright, 2015; Watkins, 2015; Lwasa, 2017; Kennedy et al., 2018; Teferi and Newman, 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r301|301]]</sup> . This will require strengthened energy governance in these countries (Eberhard et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r302|302]]</sup> . Where renewable energy displaces paraffin, wood fuel or charcoal feedstocks in informal urban settlements, it provides the co-benefits of improved indoor air quality, reduced fire risk and reduced deforestation, all of which can enhance adaptive capacity and strengthen demand for this energy (Newham and Conradie, 2013; Winkler, 2017; Kennedy et al., 2018; Teferi and Newman, 2018) <sup>[[#fn:r303|303]]</sup> .

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