Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

== 4.2.2 System Transitions and Rates of Change ==

<div id="section-4-2-2-block-1"></div>

Society-wide transformation involves socio-technical transitions and social-ecological resilience (Gillard et al., 2016) <sup>[[#fn:r34|34]]</sup> . Transitional adaptation pathways would need to respond to low-emission energy and economic systems, and the socio-technical transitions for mitigation involve removing barriers in social and institutional processes that could also benefit adaptation (Pant et al., 2015; Geels et al., 2017; Ickowitz et al., 2017) <sup>[[#fn:r35|35]]</sup> . In this chapter, transformative change is framed in mitigation around socio-technical transitions, and in adaptation around socio-ecological transitions. In both instances, emphasis is placed on the enabling role of institutions (including markets, and formal and informal regulation). 1.5°C-consistent pathways and adaptation needs associated with warming of 1.5°C imply both incremental and rapid, disruptive and transformative changes.

<div id="section-4-2-2-1"></div>

<span id="mitigation-historical-rates-of-change-and-state-of-decoupling"></span>