Editing IPCC:AR6/SR15/Chapter-4 (section)

====== Abbreviations used: ======

Ec: Economic – Tec: Technological – Inst: Institutional – Soc: Socio-cultural – Env: Environmental/Ecological – Geo: Geophysical

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! System
! Mitigation Option
! Evidence
! Agreement
! Ec
! Tec
! Inst
! Soc
! Env
! Geo
! Context
|-
| rowspan="6"| Energy System Transitions
| Wind energy (on-shore &amp; off-shore)
| Robust
| Medium
|
| Wind regime, economic status, space for wind farms, and the existence of a legal framework for independent power producers affect uptake; cost-effectiveness affected by incentive regime
|-
| Solar PV
| Robust
| High
|
| Cost-effectiveness affected by solar irradiation and incentive regime. Also enhanced by legal framework for independent power producers, which affects uptake
|-
| Bioenergy
| Robust
| Medium
|
| Depends on availability of biomass and land and the capability to manage sustainable land use. Distributional effects depend on the agrarian (or other) system used to produce feedstock
|-
| Electricity storage
| Robust
| High
|
| Batteries universal, but grid-flexible resources vary with area’s level of development
|-
| Power sector carbon dioxide capture and storage
| Robust
| High
|
| Varies with local CO <sub>2</sub> storage capacity, presence of legal framework, level of development and<br />
quality of public engagement
|-
| Nuclear energy
| Robust
| High
|
| Electricity market organization, legal framework, standardization &amp; know-how, country’s ‘democratic fabric’, institutional and technical capacity, and safety culture of public and private institutions
|-
| rowspan="4"| Land &amp; Ecosystem Transitions
| Reduced food wastage &amp; efficient food production
| Robust
| High
|
| Will depend on the combination of individual and institutional behaviour
|-
| Dietary shifts
| Medium
| High
|
| Depends on individual behaviour, education, cultural factors and institutional support
|-
| Sustainable intensification of agriculture
| Medium
| High
|
| Depends on development and deployment of new technologies
|-
| Ecosystems restoration
| Medium
| High
|
| Depends on location and institutional factors
|-
| rowspan="9"| Urban &amp; Infra structure System Transitions
| Land-use &amp; urban planning
| Robust
| Medium
|
| Varies with urban fabric, not geography or economy;<br />
requires capacitated local government and legitimate<br />
tenure system
|-
| Electric cars and buses
| Medium
| High
|
| Varies with degree of government intervention; requires capacity to retrofit “fuelling” stations
|-
| Sharing schemes
| Limited
| Medium
|
| Historic schemes universal, but new ones depend on ICT status; undermined by high crime and low levels of law enforcement
|-
| Public transport
| Robust
| Medium
|
| Depends on presence of existing ‘informal’ taxi systems, which may be more cost-effective and affordable than capital-intensive new build schemes, as well as (local) government capabilities
|-
| Non-motorized transport
| Robust
| High
|
| Viability rests on linkages with public transport, cultural factors, climate and geography
|-
| Aviation &amp; shipping
| Medium
|
| Varies with technology, governance and accountability
|-
| Smart grids
| Medium
|
| Varies with economic status and presence or quality of existing grid
|-
| Efficient appliances
| Medium
| High
|
| Adoption varies with economic status and policy<br />
framework
|-
| Low/zero-energy buildings
| Medium
| High
|
| Depends on size of existing building stock and growth of building stock
|-
| rowspan="4"| Industrial System Transitions
| Energy efficiency
| Robust
| High
|
| Potential and adoption depend on existing efficiency, energy prices and interest rates, as well as government incentives
|-
| Bio-based &amp; circularity
| Medium
|
| Faces barriers in terms of pressure on natural resources and biodiversity. Product substitution depends on market organization and government<br />
incentivization
|-
| Electrification &amp; hydrogen
| Medium
| High
|
| Depends on availability of large-scale, cheap, emission-free electricity (electrification, hydrogen) or CO <sub>2</sub> storage nearby (hydrogen). Manufacturers’ appetite to embrace disruptive innovations
|-
| Industrial carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage
| Robust
| High
|
| High concentration of CO <sub>2</sub> in exhaust gas improve economic and technical feasibility of CCUS in industry. CO <sub>2</sub> storage or reuse possibilities
|-
| rowspan="5"| Carbon Dioxide Removal
| Bioenergy and carbon dioxide capture and storage
| Robust
| Medium
|
| Depends on biomass availability, CO <sub>2</sub> storage capacity, legal framework, economic status and social acceptance
|-
| Direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage
| Medium
|
| Depends on CO <sub>2</sub> -free energy, CO <sub>2</sub> storage capacity, legal framework, economic status and social acceptance
|-
| Afforestation &amp; reforestation
| Robust
| High
|
| Depends on location, mode of implementation, and economic and institutional factors
|-
| Soil carbon sequestration &amp; biochar
| Robust
| High
|
| Depends on location, soil properties, time span
|-
| Enhanced weathering
| Medium
| Low
|
| Depends on CO <sub>2</sub> -free energy, economic status and social acceptance
|}

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